Energy is aconsidered as one of the major inputs of production along with other inputs such as labor and capital that contribute to the production process. Moreover, most energy sources have fossil origin and are irreversible, so on the one hand, the basic features of the finitude of other energy inputs to production are distinct and the necessity of energy saving and the possibility of substituting them with the renewable forms are self-evident. Industrial energy demand analysis has always been one of the leading fields of research in economics. This issue is more critical in the case of developing countries, especially those with transitional experiences. In this paper, third generation of dynamic factor demand models for the Iranian manufacturing industries is estimated to analyze the speed of adjustment in factor demands. Using the quadratic functional form, this result was the elimination of energy subsidies in the short term which has a great impact on the industry to reduce energy demand. But, it is believed that in the long run, the intensity of this effect will be diminished. Furthermore, the results show that the speed of adjustment in capital stock of factory industry is very low.

The future power system, with the unprecedented penetration of renewable energy resources, will be faced with many uncertainties which may lead to problems in grid operation. Consequently, the uncertainty assessment of system performance is essential. Hence, the conventional power flow methods, given the constraints of the electricity and gas networks, may not be suitable for distribution networks such as the multi-carrier microgrids. This paper presents an effective method for optimizing the simultaneous utilization of different energy infrastructures in an environment with different uncertainties considering the constraints of the network. The aim is to study the effect of uncertainties on the optimal operation management of an interconnected microgrids. The fluctuation behavior of loads, renewable resources, and electricity price has been investigated in the proposed model based on probabilistic power flow technique. The results of the system are extracted as random variables, which are depicted in probabilistic and cumulative distribution forms. In this study, the multi-carrier microgrids not only exchange energy with the main grid, but also, energy interchange among the microgrids is possible. Simulations are presented, applying the procedure to an illustrative system of three interconnected MCMGs, and the results justify the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

This study examines the effect of energy price changes on the intensity of energy consumption in mineral products using a dynamic computable general equilibrium (DCGE) model with calibrated data, to simulate two scenarios (1.%5 price shock to natural gas 2.%5 oil price shock) until the time horizon of 2050, for three groups of regions and countries (Iran, Major trading partners, Rest of World) has been investigated. The simulation results of the DCGE model for Iran in the first scenario suggest a continuous improvement in energy efficiency, where the energy intensity values remain negative in general, the second scenario depicts a temporary increase in energy intensity for Iran, followed by a gradual decrease. which shows the increase in the energy sector of mineral products in the near future. Trade partners and other regions show a sharper reduction in energy intensity under the second scenario with faster rates of decline and more ambitious targets for energy efficiency. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that Iran is becoming more efficient in terms of energy consumption for the production of mineral products, which can be caused by various factors such as technological advances, improvement of production processes be which is running.

Price ratio of energy carriers on factor costs of production in Irans economy shows a trend, which is not consistent with those of industrial economies and even some energy exporting economies. The mismatch, initiated from heavy subsidizing energy carriers by the government, has caused substitution of energy carriers in place of other inputs, i.e. labour and capital. Although the policy maker has announced boosting economic growth, raising employment and keeping cost of living low, as the goals of the ceiling price policy, the investigations carried out in this paper illustrate that the policy has not met its publicly announced goals. <>br To identify the policy goals of subsidizing energy carriers we conjecture, along the line of political business cycles theory, that the policy maker has subsidized energy carriers to attract votes of voters. Comparing the trend of energy subsidies with the timing of election periods reveals that political cycles can partially explain the trend of energy subsidy in Irans economy.

Energy eigenvalues of carriers have been calculated for rectangular quantum wires with finite barrier potentials using the effective mass approximation. Ga0.47In0.53As/InP and GaAs/ Ga0.63Al0.37  As systems are considered, and a spatially dependent effective mass is included in effective mass approximation. Calculated values are compared with those obtained earlier by other methods. Experimental values of the energy shift of Ga0.47In0.53As/InP wires are also compared with the calculations.

According to the implementation of targeted subsidies law of energy carriers, the present study was done to examine the socio-economic effects of the law implementation. For this purpose, social accounting matrix of the year 1380 was prepared and general equilibrium model was developed. Since Gasoline and diesel has tow prices, the effects of targeted subsidies law of energy carriers were simulated in two scenarios. The results of two aformentioned scenarios showed that targeted subsidies of energy carriers would reduce demand for primary inputs of production, income of economic-social institutions especially households income. Given that the urban households are the main suppliers of primary inputs of production, their incomes will decrease more than rural households and three other institutions (government, public and private companies).

Costs of livestock production are expected to significantly increase as result of increasing energy price in Iran. This in turn causes meat prices and production to change and ultimately affect producers and consumer welfares. This study determines the economic impact of this policy on Iranian meat market applying a multimarket equilibrium displacement model (EDM) and taking into account scenarios of 38%, 50% and 300% increase in energy prices with and without change in demand for both situations of once and gradually increasing energy price. Result shows that increasing of retail sale demand for different kind of meat in any scenario are sufficient to offset lost producer welfare. According to the result of compared once and gradually implication increasing energy price, decreasing of producer and consumers’ welfare on once increasing energy prices is lower than gradually increasing energy prices.

Energy is one of the country developing key factors. Determining appropriate strategies and accomplishment them in all related domains of energy utilization are facilitating elements for national sustainable development. Transportation as the final energy consumer is categorized in this study field. It is essential to find national policies for improving the basket of energy career in transpiration sector, as a dominant energy consuming sector around the country. It seems that tools and techniques of modern policy making can be fruitful in this aspect in order to provide suitable conditions for sustainable development. This article is going to analyze macro policy making in this sector as well as the correlation of energy used in transportation sector in one side and sustainable development in another side. Technical and financial evaluations including environmental analysis in the overview of desired and endurable development are essentially required and must be rousted by strategic planning and managerial arts.